Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Blood Test

What is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a lung inflammation caused by an allergic immune response to inhaled organic dusts, molds, and environmental allergens. It is caused by repeated exposure to allergens such as Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus nigricans, Fusarium solani, and other fungal spores that trigger antibody production. The Alternaria alternata (m6) IgG test is the most important test for identifying mold sensitization that causes this condition.

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What causes hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is caused by repeated inhalation of organic dusts, mold spores, and environmental allergens that trigger an abnormal immune response in the lungs. Common culprits include Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus nigricans, Fusarium solani, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Trichoderma viride found in damp environments, hay, bird droppings, hot tubs, and humidifiers. When you breathe in these allergens over time, your immune system produces IgG antibodies that attack lung tissue, causing inflammation in the tiny air sacs called alveoli. This is different from typical allergies because the reaction happens deep in your lungs rather than your airways, leading to breathing problems and fatigue that worsen with continued exposure.

What is the best test for hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

The Alternaria alternata (m6) IgG test is the most important blood test for hypersensitivity pneumonitis because it detects antibodies to one of the most common mold triggers of this condition. This test measures your immune system's response to Alternaria alternata fungus, and elevated IgG levels indicate sensitization that can cause lung inflammation. Additional essential tests include the Aureobasidium Pullulans (m12) IgG and Rhizopus nigricans (m11) IgG tests, which identify other common mold exposures. For comprehensive screening, regional respiratory allergy panels test for multiple allergens at once based on where you live, helping pinpoint exactly which environmental triggers are affecting your lungs. These blood tests work alongside imaging studies to confirm diagnosis and guide treatment by identifying which allergens you need to avoid.

When should I get tested for hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

You should get tested if you experience persistent shortness of breath, dry cough, fatigue, or flu-like symptoms that worsen after being in specific environments like your basement, workplace, or areas with water damage. Pay attention if your symptoms improve when you leave these locations and return when you go back, as this pattern strongly suggests environmental allergies affecting your lungs. Testing is especially important if you work with hay, birds, wood dust, or in moldy buildings, or if you notice breathing problems that develop gradually over weeks or months. Early detection through blood testing helps identify the specific allergens causing your lung inflammation so you can avoid them before permanent scarring occurs.

What are the symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis include persistent dry cough, shortness of breath that worsens with activity, extreme fatigue, and unintentional weight loss. You might feel like you have the flu with chills, body aches, and chest tightness, but these symptoms linger for weeks or months instead of going away. In acute cases that develop suddenly after heavy exposure, you may experience fever, difficulty breathing, and feeling like you cannot get enough air within hours of contact with the allergen. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis develops more slowly with gradual worsening of breathing problems, clubbing of fingertips, and a crackling sound in the lungs that your doctor can hear with a stethoscope.
Who is at risk for hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
People who work with birds, hay, grain, wood dust, or in damp buildings are at highest risk for hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Farmers exposed to moldy hay, bird breeders handling feathers and droppings, and woodworkers inhaling sawdust face frequent exposure to triggering allergens. You are also at risk if you live in a home with water damage, use hot tubs or humidifiers that harbor bacteria, or work in environments with poor ventilation and mold growth. Having existing allergies or asthma does not necessarily increase your risk, as this condition involves a different immune response, but repeated exposure to organic dusts in anyone can eventually trigger the disease regardless of allergy history.
What happens if hypersensitivity pneumonitis is left untreated?
Untreated hypersensitivity pneumonitis leads to permanent lung scarring called pulmonary fibrosis, which irreversibly damages your ability to breathe. As scar tissue replaces healthy lung tissue, your lungs become stiff and cannot expand properly, making every breath harder and reducing the oxygen reaching your bloodstream. This progression causes severe shortness of breath even with minimal activity, chronic respiratory failure requiring oxygen therapy, and significantly reduced life expectancy. The inflammation can also strain your heart as it works harder to pump blood through damaged lungs, potentially leading to right-sided heart failure. Early identification of triggering allergens through blood testing and avoiding further exposure is critical to prevent these permanent complications.
Can hypersensitivity pneumonitis be diagnosed with a blood test?
Blood tests cannot diagnose hypersensitivity pneumonitis by themselves, but they are essential for identifying which specific allergens are triggering your immune response. IgG antibody tests for molds like Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus nigricans, and Fusarium solani reveal which environmental exposures are causing your lungs to become inflamed. Your doctor combines these blood test results with chest imaging, lung function tests, and your exposure history to make a definitive diagnosis. Elevated IgG levels to specific allergens confirm sensitization and help distinguish hypersensitivity pneumonitis from other lung diseases with similar symptoms like asthma or chronic bronchitis.
How is hypersensitivity pneumonitis treated?
Treatment for hypersensitivity pneumonitis starts with completely avoiding the allergen causing your lung inflammation, which is why blood testing to identify triggers is so important. Once you know what you are reacting to, you need to eliminate exposure by fixing water damage, removing birds from your home, wearing protective masks at work, or changing jobs if necessary. Your doctor may prescribe corticosteroids like prednisone to reduce lung inflammation if avoiding the allergen alone does not improve your symptoms or if significant damage has occurred. In severe cases with advanced scarring, you might need oxygen therapy, immunosuppressant medications, or in rare instances, lung transplantation when lung function deteriorates despite treatment.
How can I prevent hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
You can prevent hypersensitivity pneumonitis by minimizing exposure to organic dusts and molds in your environment. Fix any water leaks or damage in your home immediately, use dehumidifiers to keep humidity below 50 percent, and clean humidifiers and hot tubs regularly to prevent bacterial and mold growth. If you work with hay, birds, or wood, wear properly fitted respirator masks and ensure good ventilation in your workspace. Regular blood testing for allergen sensitization helps catch early immune responses before lung damage occurs, especially if you work in high-risk occupations. Avoid bird keeping if you have respiratory symptoms, and inspect your home for hidden mold in basements, attics, and around plumbing.
What can I do at home for hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
At home, your priority is creating a clean environment free from the molds and organic dusts triggering your condition. Use HEPA air purifiers in bedrooms and living spaces to filter airborne allergens, and replace HVAC filters monthly with high-quality options. Remove any sources of dampness like leaky pipes, roof damage, or poor drainage around your foundation that encourage mold growth. Wash bedding weekly in hot water, vacuum with HEPA filters, and avoid using humidifiers unless absolutely necessary for other health reasons. Keep indoor plants to a minimum as soil harbors mold spores, and ensure proper ventilation when cooking or showering to reduce moisture buildup that promotes allergen growth.
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Alternaria alternata (m6) IgG
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