FPIES Blood Test & Allergy Panel

What is Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES)?

Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) is a severe non-IgE mediated food allergy causing delayed vomiting, diarrhea, and potentially life-threatening shock. It is caused by an abnormal T-cell mediated immune response to specific food proteins, most commonly milk, soy, rice, and certain fish. The Allergen Specific IgE Rice Wild test is the most important test for identifying rice as a trigger food in FPIES patients.

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What causes FPIES?

FPIES is caused by an abnormal T-cell mediated immune response to specific food proteins that triggers severe inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike typical food allergies that involve IgE antibodies and cause immediate reactions, FPIES involves a delayed cell-mediated immune response that typically occurs 2-4 hours after eating the trigger food. Common trigger foods include cow milk, soy, rice, oats, barley, chicken, turkey, fish, eggs, and certain vegetables, with infants and young children being most commonly affected.

What is the best test for FPIES?

The Allergen Specific IgE Rice Wild test is the most important test for FPIES because it detects IgE antibodies against rice proteins, one of the most common trigger foods in infants and children with this condition. While FPIES is primarily diagnosed through clinical evaluation and supervised oral food challenges rather than blood tests alone, allergen-specific testing helps identify potential trigger foods and guide elimination diets. Additional supportive tests include the Allergen Specific IgE Tilapia test for fish protein sensitivities and the Lemon IgG test for citrus sensitivities, as some FPIES patients react to multiple food categories. These blood tests provide valuable information to help healthcare providers develop safe dietary management plans and avoid dangerous food exposures.

When should I get tested for FPIES?

You should get tested if your infant or child experiences repetitive vomiting 2-4 hours after eating specific foods, especially if accompanied by diarrhea, lethargy, or pale skin. Testing is particularly important if your child has had an episode of severe vomiting leading to dehydration or shock after eating rice, soy, milk, or fish. You should also consider testing if you notice a pattern of delayed gastrointestinal reactions that occur consistently with certain foods, if your child has failure to thrive or poor weight gain, or if there is a family history of food allergies and your child shows signs of food intolerance.

What are the symptoms of FPIES?
FPIES symptoms typically appear 2-4 hours after eating the trigger food and include repetitive, projectile vomiting, profuse watery diarrhea that may contain blood or mucus, and extreme lethargy or listlessness. In severe cases, children may develop pallor, dehydration, low blood pressure, and hypovolemic shock requiring emergency medical treatment. Chronic FPIES, which occurs with regular exposure to trigger foods, can cause intermittent vomiting, chronic diarrhea, poor weight gain, failure to thrive, and abdominal distension. Unlike immediate food allergies, FPIES does not cause hives, wheezing, or facial swelling.
Who is at risk for FPIES?
Infants and young children under age 3 are at highest risk for FPIES, with most cases diagnosed before 9 months of age when solid foods are introduced. Children with a family history of food allergies, eczema, or other allergic conditions have increased risk. Babies who are formula-fed or who receive early introduction to certain foods may be more susceptible. The condition is more common in children with other gastrointestinal disorders and appears to affect boys slightly more often than girls. Most children outgrow FPIES by age 3-5, though some trigger foods like fish and shellfish may cause persistent reactions into later childhood.
What happens if FPIES is left untreated?
Untreated FPIES can lead to repeated episodes of severe vomiting and diarrhea that cause dangerous dehydration and electrolyte imbalances requiring hospitalization. Continued exposure to trigger foods can result in failure to thrive, malnutrition, and developmental delays due to chronic inflammation and poor nutrient absorption. Severe FPIES reactions can progress to hypovolemic shock, a life-threatening condition where blood pressure drops dangerously low, potentially causing organ damage. Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract may lead to long-term digestive problems and increased risk of developing additional food sensitivities. Early identification of trigger foods and proper dietary management are essential to prevent these serious complications and ensure normal growth and development.
Can FPIES be diagnosed with a blood test?
FPIES cannot be definitively diagnosed with blood tests alone because it is a non-IgE mediated food allergy involving cell-mediated immune responses that do not show up on standard allergy testing. However, blood tests like Allergen Specific IgE Rice Wild, Allergen Specific IgE Tilapia, and Lemon IgG play an important supportive role in identifying potential trigger foods and guiding dietary management. The gold standard for FPIES diagnosis is a supervised oral food challenge conducted by an allergist or immunologist, combined with careful review of symptoms, timing of reactions, and food diaries. Blood tests help narrow down potential trigger foods and may reveal concurrent IgE-mediated allergies that some FPIES patients also experience.
How is FPIES treated?
FPIES is treated primarily through strict avoidance of identified trigger foods and careful dietary management under the guidance of a pediatric allergist and dietitian. During acute FPIES reactions, treatment focuses on intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration and shock, along with anti-nausea medications and monitoring of vital signs. Parents are often prescribed emergency action plans and may carry ondansetron for severe vomiting episodes. Infants may need hypoallergenic formulas or amino acid-based formulas if multiple foods trigger reactions. As children grow, supervised oral food challenges are conducted periodically to determine if the allergy has been outgrown, with most children tolerating trigger foods by school age.
How can I prevent FPIES?
While FPIES cannot be entirely prevented, you can reduce risk by following current infant feeding guidelines that recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months when possible, as breast milk provides immune protection and is less likely to trigger reactions. When introducing solid foods, add one new food at a time with 3-5 days between introductions to identify any reactions. If your family has a strong history of food allergies, work with your pediatrician on a cautious food introduction plan. Avoid early introduction of high-risk foods like cow milk, soy, and certain grains in infants with allergic family histories. Maintaining detailed food and symptom diaries helps identify patterns and trigger foods early, allowing for prompt dietary adjustments.
What can I do at home for FPIES?
At home, maintain a detailed food diary documenting everything your child eats and any symptoms that develop, including the timing of reactions. Keep your child well-hydrated, especially during and after reactions, offering small amounts of oral rehydration solutions frequently. Learn to recognize early signs of dehydration like decreased urination, dry mouth, and lethargy so you can seek medical care promptly. Work closely with a pediatric dietitian to ensure your child receives adequate nutrition despite food restrictions, potentially requiring vitamin and mineral supplements. Keep emergency medications prescribed by your doctor readily available, educate all caregivers about your child's condition and emergency action plan, and always read food labels carefully as trigger proteins can hide in unexpected products.
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