False Positive Lyme Disease Blood Test

What is False Positive Lyme Disease?

A false positive Lyme disease result occurs when initial screening tests suggest Lyme disease infection, but the patient does not actually have the condition. It is caused by cross-reactive antibodies produced in response to other infections like syphilis, anaplasmosis, or autoimmune diseases that trigger similar immune responses to the Borrelia bacteria. The Lyme Disease Antibody with Reflex to Antibodies IGG & IGM Blot is the most important test for distinguishing true Lyme disease from false positive results.

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What causes a false positive Lyme disease test?

A false positive Lyme disease test is caused by cross-reactive antibodies that your immune system produces in response to other infections or conditions. Specifically, infections like syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria, anaplasmosis from Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Epstein-Barr virus, and autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis can trigger antibodies that mimic the immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. These antibodies react with the initial Lyme screening test proteins, creating a positive result even though you do not have an active Lyme infection.

What is the best test for confirming a false positive Lyme disease result?

The Lyme Disease Antibody with Reflex to Antibodies IGG & IGM Blot is the most important test for determining whether an initial positive Lyme screening is a true infection or a false positive. This two-tiered testing approach starts with an enzyme immunoassay screening test, then automatically reflexes to the more specific Western blot confirmatory test if the initial screen is positive. The Western blot analyzes specific protein bands to distinguish true Lyme disease antibodies from cross-reactive antibodies produced by other conditions. If your screening is positive but the Western blot is negative, this indicates a false positive result and rules out active Lyme disease, preventing unnecessary antibiotic treatment.

When should I get tested for a false positive Lyme disease result?

You should get tested if you received a positive Lyme disease screening test but do not have typical Lyme symptoms like a bulls-eye rash, joint pain, or neurological symptoms, especially if you have a history of other infections or autoimmune conditions. Testing is also important if you had a positive screening without known tick exposure or if you live in an area where Lyme disease is uncommon. Additionally, you should pursue confirmatory testing if your doctor suspects your positive result might be related to syphilis, other tick-borne diseases, or autoimmune disorders, as this will prevent unnecessary antibiotic treatment and guide proper diagnosis of your actual condition.

What are the symptoms that suggest a true Lyme disease infection versus a false positive?
True Lyme disease typically presents with specific symptoms including a characteristic bulls-eye rash called erythema migrans at the tick bite site, flu-like symptoms with fever and chills, severe fatigue, joint pain and swelling especially in the knees, muscle aches, and neurological symptoms like facial paralysis or memory problems. If you have a positive Lyme test but lack these symptoms, never had a tick bite, and especially if you have another condition like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or a recent syphilis or viral infection, your positive result is more likely to be a false positive. Your geographic location and exposure history are also important factors, as true Lyme disease is concentrated in specific regions of the northeastern and upper midwestern United States.
Who is at risk for getting a false positive Lyme disease test?
People with autoimmune diseases like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or Sjogren syndrome are at higher risk for false positive Lyme tests due to the cross-reactive antibodies these conditions produce. Those with other bacterial infections including syphilis, or other tick-borne diseases like anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever are also at increased risk. Additionally, people with viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus or certain dental infections may produce antibodies that cross-react with Lyme screening tests. Anyone who has never visited or lived in Lyme-endemic areas but tests positive without symptoms should also suspect a potential false positive result.
What happens if a false positive Lyme disease result is not properly confirmed?
If a false positive Lyme disease result is not properly confirmed with Western blot testing, you may receive unnecessary antibiotic treatment for a condition you do not have. Long-term unnecessary antibiotic use can lead to serious complications including antibiotic resistance, destruction of beneficial gut bacteria, increased risk of Clostridioides difficile infection, and potential side effects like allergic reactions or organ damage. Additionally, treating a false positive as true Lyme disease means your actual underlying condition causing the cross-reactive antibodies remains undiagnosed and untreated, potentially allowing conditions like syphilis, autoimmune diseases, or other infections to progress and cause serious health complications.
Can false positive Lyme disease be confirmed with a blood test?
Yes, false positive Lyme disease results can be confirmed through a two-tiered blood testing approach. The process starts with an initial enzyme immunoassay screening test that detects Lyme antibodies, followed by a confirmatory Western blot test that analyzes specific protein bands to distinguish true Lyme antibodies from cross-reactive antibodies. The Western blot is highly specific and can differentiate between actual Borrelia burgdorferi infection and antibodies produced by other conditions. If your initial screening is positive but the Western blot shows negative or indeterminate results with bands that do not meet CDC criteria, this confirms a false positive result and rules out Lyme disease.
How is the underlying cause of a false positive Lyme test treated?
Treatment depends on identifying the actual condition causing the cross-reactive antibodies. If syphilis is the cause, you will need antibiotic treatment with penicillin or alternative antibiotics based on the stage of infection. Autoimmune conditions like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis require immune-modulating medications such as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, corticosteroids, or biologics. Other tick-borne diseases like anaplasmosis need specific antibiotic treatment with doxycycline. Viral infections like Epstein-Barr typically resolve on their own with supportive care. Your healthcare provider will order additional specific tests to identify the true cause of your symptoms and cross-reactive antibodies, then develop an appropriate treatment plan based on the confirmed diagnosis.
How can I prevent getting a false positive Lyme disease test result?
You cannot directly prevent a false positive test result if you have conditions that produce cross-reactive antibodies, but you can ensure accurate diagnosis by providing complete medical history to your healthcare provider before testing. Inform your doctor about any autoimmune conditions, recent infections, other tick-borne disease exposures, or syphilis history, as this context helps interpret results appropriately. Always insist on confirmatory Western blot testing if your initial Lyme screening is positive, especially if you lack typical Lyme symptoms or tick exposure. Avoid testing from non-standard laboratories that use unvalidated methods, and ensure your testing follows the CDC-recommended two-tiered approach for accurate diagnosis and proper distinction between true infection and false positive results.
What can I do at home while waiting for confirmatory test results?
While waiting for confirmatory testing, avoid starting antibiotic treatment unless you have clear symptoms and tick exposure that warrant immediate treatment as determined by your healthcare provider. Keep a detailed symptom diary noting any rash development, joint pain, fever, or neurological changes that might indicate true Lyme disease versus symptoms related to your underlying condition. Document your tick exposure history, travel to Lyme-endemic areas, and timeline of any autoimmune or infectious disease symptoms. Research your medical history for conditions that might cause cross-reactive antibodies, and gather medical records of previous diagnoses. Stay in close communication with your healthcare provider and avoid alternative or unproven Lyme treatments until you have confirmed whether your positive result is true Lyme disease or a false positive.
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